 |
| |
|
| Bajau 154.000 Islam |
| 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982),
8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes 1987), 7,000 in
North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi,
40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead and Lee 2007), and
several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981,
Verhiejen 1986). North Maluku on Bacan, Obi, Kayoa and Sula
Islands; South Sulawesi, Selayar, Bone, and Sinjai
districts; Gorontalo Province, Popayato and Tilamuta
subdistricts; North Sulawesi, Wori, Tumpaan and Belang
subdistricts. Widespread throughout Central and Southeast
Sulawesi and islands of the East Sunda Sea. Alternate names:
Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajo, Bayo, Gaj, Luaan, Lutaos,
Lutayaos, Orang Laut, Sama, Turije’ne’. Dialects: Jampea,
Same’, Matalaang, Sulamu, Kajoa, Roti, Jaya Bakti, Poso,
Togian 1, Togian 2, Wallace. |
The Bajau (also called the Bayo, Gaj, Luaan,
or Lutaos) are a highly mobile maritime people group that is
found throughout the coastal areas of Sulawesi, Maluku,
Kalimantan, Sumatera, and East Nusa Tenggara. Their high
mobility led to outsiders calling them 'sea gypsies.' In
eastern Indonesia, the largest numbers of Bajau are found on
the islands and in the coastal districts of Sulawesi. Their
everyday language is the Bajau language, which is a branch
of the Melayu (Malay) language cluster.
While some Bajau have begun to live on land, many Bajau are
still boat dwellers. Among the Bajau boat dwellers, local
communities consist of scattered moorage groups made up of
families whose members regularly return, between intervals
of fishing, to a common anchorage site. Two to six families
will group together in an alliance to regularly fish and
anchor together, often sharing food and pooling labor, nets,
and other gear. The boats that are used as family dwellings
vary in size and construction. In Indonesia and Malaysia,
boats average 10 meters in length with a beam of about 2
meters. They are plank constructed with solid keel and bow
sections. All are equipped with a roofed living area made of
poles and kajang matting and a portable earthenware hearth,
usually carried near the stern, used for preparing family
meals. The marine life exploited by the Bajau fishermen is
diverse, including over 200 species of fish. Fishing
activity varies with the tides, monsoonal and local winds,
currents, migrations of pelagic fish, and the monthly lunar
cycle. During moonless nights, fishing is often done with
lanterns, using spears and handlines. Today, fishing is
primarily for market sale. Most fish are preserved by
salting or drying. The boat-dwelling Bajau see themselves
(in contrast to their neighbors), as non-aggressive people
who prefer flight to physical confrontation. As a
consequence, the politically dominant groups of the region
have historically viewed the Bajau with disdain as timid,
unreliable subjects.
The Bajau are Sunni Muslims of the Shafi'i school. |
| Bentong 27.000
Islam |
| northwest corner of the southern tip of the
peninsula; inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru
districts. Alternate names: Dentong. Dialects: Most similar
to Konzo. |
The Bentong people are also known as the "To
Bentong". They are located inland to the east of the town of
Pangkep in the province of South Sulawesi. Sulawesi is a
large mountainous island often described as being shaped
like an orchid or crab. It has a coastline of about 5,000
kilometers and consists mainly of four peninsulas separated
by deep gulfs, with two of the peninsulas extending
southward and two northeastward. According to the Bentong,
they are the descendants of a marriage between the son of
the King of Bone and the daughter of the King of Ternate.
Other sources state the Bentong are the descendants of Bugis
and Makasar intermarriage. This seems likely since Bentong
culture is influenced by elements of both the Bugis and
Makasar cultures. The Bentong are nomads and are still
categorized by the government as an "isolated" society.
The Bentong live in a hilly area approximately 400-500
meters above sea level. This area is marked by dense forest
underbrush, with limited land available for both irrigated
and un-irrigated rice fields. Until 1975 there were no major
roads, except for narrow footpaths, connecting the area with
the outside world. A large portion of the Bentong people
live as farmers and fishermen. Their primary production is
copra, rice, and processing of forest products. The Bentong
marriage system calls for marriages among people of the same
group. A young man desiring to marry a woman outside his own
group must remember that he has the duty to give preference
to a woman within his own group. Traditionally, the groom
offers a dowry. In the past, this dowry took the form of
land or cloth. After marriage, the newlyweds can reside near
either the husband's or wife's relatives.
The Bentong people are followers of Islam. |
| Bonerate 11.000
Islam |
| Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa
islands. Dialects: Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity:
79%–81% with Tukang Besi South [bhq], 31% with Kalao [kly],
25% with Laiyolo [lji] |
The Bonerat e live on the islands of Bonerate,
Madu, Lalaotoa, Karompa, and Selayar in South Sulawesi
Province. These islands are part of the districts of
Bonerate, Passimasungu (North Bonerate), and Passimarane in
Selayar Regency. Sulawesi is a large mountainous island
often described as being shaped like an orchid or crab. It
has a coastline of about 5,000 kilometers and consists
mainly of four peninsulas separated by deep gulfs, with two
of the peninsulas extending southward and two northeastward.
Bonerate Island is in a very remote location. To reach
Bonerate from the South Sulawesi capital of Makassar takes
2-3 days. The first part of the trip is a ferry ride to
Benteng on Selayar Island, and the second part involves
renting a fishing boat since there is no public
transportation to Bonerate. Their primary language is the
Bonerate language, which is made up of two dialects, the
Bonerate and Karompa.
There has been a steady population drain from Bonerate due
to people moving to other parts of Sulawesi, such as
Makassar, Kendari, and Toli-Toli. The Bonerate typically
move to Makassar to seek a better education and employment.
Quite a few Bonerate have become cloth and bread sellers in
urban markets. Many have migrated to Toli-Toli and Kendari
with the hope of receiving broader, more fertile farmland
for a cheaper price. The primary ways Bonerate people make a
living are through fishing and farming. The land's primary
produce are cassava, sweet potatoes, cloves, and sago palm,
which grow naturally, without fertilizer. Bonerate farmers
typically cannot grow other types of vegetables because the
land is too dry. To fulfill their needs, vegetables are
brought in from other islands. They also eat marine food
such as seaweed, teripang, lola, and bole-bole. The main
foods of the Bonerate are cassava, sago, and sweet potatoes.
Houses are built on raised platforms with the vacant space
underneath used for storage. Houses are neatly arranged in
rows, with two rows of houses as long as the island. One row
of houses is nicer than the houses in the second row, which
is explained by the owners' differing levels of income.
Bathing and bathroom needs are carried out on the shoreline.
The majority of Bonerate people are Muslims but are also
influenced by strong animistic beliefs. Primarily, they
believe that a powerful spirit inhabits the sea. Therefore,
when heavy winds and high waves occur, the people often
believe that this ruler of the sea is angry. Various
ceremonies and rituals are used to pacify the sea spirit.
|
| Bugis 3.500.000 Islam |
| Western coast of southeast Sulawesi in Kolaka, Wundulako,
Rumbia, and Poleang districts. Also in major towns of
Sulawesi. Large enclaves also in other provinces of
Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra; coastal
swamp areas such as Bulukumba, Luwu, Polewali in Polmas,
Pasangkayu in Mamuju districts. Also in Malaysia (Sabah).
Alternate names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese,
De’, Rappang Buginese, Ugi. Dialects: Bone (Palakka, Dua
Boccoe, Mare), Pangkep (Pangkajene), Camba, Sidrap (Sidenrang,
Pinrang Utara, Alitta), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sinjai (Enna,
Palattae, Bulukumba), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo, Barru
(Pare-Pare, Nepo, Soppeng Riaja, Tompo, Tanete), Sawitto (Pinrang),
Luwu (Luwu’, Bua Ponrang, Wara, Malangke-Ussu). Bone or
Soppeng dialects are central. |
The Bugis (sometimes called the Ugi) live in the
province
 of South Sulawesi. The Bugis region is called
Tellumponcoe, and it consists of the regencies of Bone, Wajo,
and Soppeng. There are also Bugis people settled throughout
the regencies of Luwu, Sidenneng, Polmas, Pinrang,
Pare-pare, Barru, Pangkajene, Maros, Bulukumba, and Sinjai.
The Bugis are a dynamic and highly mobile people, considered
by many to be the dominant people group in South Sulawesi.
Many Bugis have left their home area to seek success and
wealth. In particular, they have migrated to Sumbawa, Jawa,
Papua, and even Malaysia. Their Ugi language is divided into
several dialects, namely Luwu, Wajo, Bira Selayar, Palaka,
Sindenneng and Sawito.
Most Bugis make their living by hunting, fishing,
farming, raising livestock or making handicrafts. Typically,
the Bugis who live in the mountain ranges gain their
livelihood by working the soil, while those living in the
coastal areas generally work as fishermen. The Bugis
traditional dress is called Wajo Ponco, which is believed to
have originated from Melayu (Malay) dress. Currently, the
dress is only used for traditional ceremonies and dances.
The Bugi s believe very strongly that certain days are good
days, with good fortune for events and activities held on
the first Wednesday and last Thursday of each month.
Conversely, they consider Saturday to be a bad day, with
misfortune more likely to happen on this day. In Bugis
tradition there are different levels of social status that
are based upon one's ancestors. These different levels
include descendants of a king, descendants of nobles (La
Patau), descendants of district administrators (Aru Lili)
and descendants of various kinds of slaves. Two of the most
important cultural values for the Bugis people are called
siri (personal honor) and siri-pesse (communal honor). A
Bugis person must defend, maintain, and build one's own siri.
The effort to obtain and maintain siri varies according to
the context. For instance, in an economic context, siri
means working hard and being faithful. In a personal
context, if a person's siri is offended serious forms of
revenge will be considered. Islam reinforced the traditional
Bugis concept of siri in such a way that today the typical
Bugis person sees siri as the key to his or her
self-identity as a Bugis Muslim. The Bugis line of descent
is bilateral (traced through both parents). After marriage
the newlyweds may choose to live near either the husband's
or wife's family, although initially, they live at least
briefly near the wife's family.
The Bugis people are famous for their fervent adherence to
Sunni Islam. |
|
| Bunku 24.000 Islam |
| 100 Routa, 16,400 Bungku, 2,500 Torete,
1,000 Tulambatu, 800 Landawe, 650 Waia. Central Sulawesi,
Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts,
along east coast; 45 villages or parts of villages.
Tulambatu in northern Southeast Sulawesi, Konawe District,
Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts, with difficult
access. Alternate names: “Nahina”. Dialects: Bungku, Routa,
Tulambatu, Torete (To Rete), Landawe, Waia. Lexical
similarity: 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe
dialects, 38% with Pamona dialects [pmf], 88%, with Landawe
dialect, 84% with Waia dialect, 82% with Torete dialect, 74%
with Wawonii [wow], 66% with Taloki [tlk], Kulisusu [vkl],
and Koroni [xkq], 65% with Moronene [mqn], 54% with the Mori
and Tolaki groups, 82% with the Routa dialect. |
The Bungku people (also called "To Bungku")
live in the districts of North Bungku, Central Bungku, South
Bungku, and Merui, in the Poso Regency of Central Sulawesi
Province. They are also found in several other areas of
Sulawesi. The Bungku people are further divided into
subgroups such as Lambatu, Epe, Rete, and Ro'Uta. The
language used by the Bungku people is Bungku (often called
Bungku Laki, or Male Bungku), which is of the same group
with various Filipino languages. This language can be
divided into several dialects, such as Taa, Merui and Lalaeo.
The immigrant communities in this area use their own
language, such as the Bugis, Bajo and Jawa languages. Many
marriages take place between the Bungku people and the
immigrant peoples, hence the relationship between the groups
is relatively good in this region. In the past, Bungku
people lived in remote inland areas and had little contact
with outsiders. With the building of the Trans-Sulawesi
highway, they have become more open to outsiders. Although
they are inhabitants of Southeast Sulawesi, their culture is
greatly influenced by the Bugis culture. According to
history, some of the Bungku ancestors were a group of Bugis
who migrated to the area.
The Bungku make their living as farmers. They grow rice,
corn and sweet potatoes as their primary crops, and coconuts
and sago palms as secondary crops. The Bungku also harvest
resin and rattan that grow in the thick jungles that still
exist in their area. Their land is typically less fertile
than other areas of Southeast Sulawesi. Formerly, Bungku
communities were segregated into three classes. The heads of
the village formed the elite group. The common people formed
the middle group. The slaves were the final and lowest
group.
The majority of the Bungku people have embraced Islam. |
| Coastal Konjo
155.000 Islam |
| 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro. South Sulawesi,
southeast corner, southern tip of the peninsula; parts of
Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng districts. Alternate names:
Kondjo, Tiro. Dialects: Konjo Pesisir (Ara, Bira), Tana Toa
(Tana Towa, Black Konjo, Kajang, Kadjang), Bantaeng (Bonthain).
Tana Toa is north end of dialect subgroup. Lexical
similarity: 76% with Makassar [mak]. Tana Toa dialect is
within 10% lexical similarity with other coastal dialects. |
The Konjo people cluster consist of two
groups, namely the Konjo Pegunungan (mountain) and the Konjo
Pesisir (coastal). The Konjo Pesisir people (also known as
Tiro) live in the districts of Kajang, Herlang, Bonto Tiro,
and Bonto Bahari in the southeast area of the Bulukumba
Regency in the province of South Sulawesi. The Konjo Pesisir
speak the Konjo language which has several dialects, namely
Tana Toa, Konjo Hitam and Kajang.The Konjo Hitam (Black
Konjo) people, who are included among the Konjo Pesisir,
occupy an area to the west of Kajang. They have chosen to be
a community which maintains the old ways of living, such as
wearing black clothes, not being allowed to use tools, and
practicing occultism as part of their animistic worship.
These Konjo Hitam consider themselves the original
inhabitants and regard their area as the center of
traditional custom for all of the Konjo Pesisir. They have
never had a king and do not follow a system of social
stratification like other Konjo groups.
The Konjo Pesisir make their living (as do the Konjo
Pegunungan) by cultivating the land with a system for
dividing the crops. The farm workers receive one-third to
one-half of the profits, depending on who pays for seeds and
planting needs. The houses of the Konjo Pesisir can be seen
all along the main roads, but there are also houses which
are located off the main road and near the unirrigated
fields in rural areas. Their community is divided into a
series of governmental administrative units, the smallest of
which has 10 households. The Konjo Pesisir people are fond
of gathering into groups and discussing a wide range of
matters. They are supportive of each other in work and
finances, and in various activities such as attending
marriage ceremonies, visiting the sick, and visiting to
offer condolences if there is a death. Despite conflicts
among themselves, they are united in facing threats from the
outside. The Konjo Pesisir people tend to be materialistic
and proud, in that they demonstrate a competitive desire to
gain more wealth and spend lavishly merely to impress
others. They also feel that they must protect their siri
(honor/self-esteem) as well as that of their community.
The Konjo Pesisir people are Muslims. However, animistic
practices are still maintained, and the Islamic religious
leader does not have much influence. The people choose him
for leading religious ceremonies and duties in the mesjid
(mosque). A dukun (shaman/healer/occultist) from the Konjo
Hitam is called to perform ceremonies and to heal the sick.
Amma Toa (old father) from the Konjo Hitam is regarded as
the religious leader in that area and is feared because of
his magical powers. |
| Duri 121.000 Islam |
| 90,000 in Enrekang District. South Sulawesi,
north Enrekang District, Makassar City, elsewhere in South
Sulawesi. Alternate names: Masenrempulu, Massenrempulu.
Dialects: Cakke, Kalosi. |
The Duri people (also called Massenrempulu)
live in Enrekang Regency, a mountainous area with a cool
climate in the middle of the province of South Sulawesi,
adjacent to Tanah Toraja (region of the Toraja people). The
Duri area consists of 17 villages in the districts of Baraka,
Alla, and Anggeraja. This area is close to a major road that
is passable by automobiles.A small number of Duri people
live in the very high mountains. The majority of them live
in rural areas. Some Duri, primarily men, have migrated to
other areas. This is typically known as perantau (going to
other areas to seek success). They converse in the Duri
language, which has Cakke and Kalosi dialects.
The majority of the Duri people live by farming, tending
orchards, raising livestock, and making handicrafts. Their
main crops consist of red onions, coffee, rice, and various
kinds of vegetables. The Duri also make traditional cheese,
known as dangke. Cow or water buffalo milk is combined with
fruit concentrate or papaya leaves and then poured into a
small coconut shell. The resulting cheese is sold in the
traditional market, packaged in a banana leaf. The
traditional market is held in specific locations once or
twice a week.The Duri people possess a family oriented
attitude and practice gotong royong (mutual help and
cooperation). In the past, they distinguished layers in
society, known as the nobility, the commoners, and slaves.
Nowadays, that difference is no longer seen.In current Duri
society, social status is more determined by level of
education and/or wealth. Wealth is measured in terms of
ownership of water buffalo, land, gold and a nice house.
Generally, those who are educated move to the city.In their
attitude toward education, the Duri are open-minded. They
are also open to things that can raise their standard of
living. The Indonesian language is taught in their schools.
Among the Duri, adults and children both like to read, but
only a very few books are available in their language.
Almost all Duri people are Muslims. However, they also
combine traditional animistic beliefs with Islam. This can
be seen from their awe in facing invisible spiritual powers.
They also use a dukun (shaman/healer/occultist) to heal
sicknesses and cast out the evil spirits. A small number of
Duri still identify themselves as animists who practice
Alu'Tojolo. |
| Enrekang 64.000
Islam |
| Enrekang, and Pinrang districts. Alternate
names: Endekan, Endekan Timur. Dialects: Enrekang, Ranga,
Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa). |
The Enrekang people are als o sometimes known
as the Endekan or East Endekan people. They live in the
foothills around the regencies of Enrekang and Pinrang in
the province of South Sulawesi. Sulawesi is a large
mountainous island often described as being shaped like an
orchid or crab. It has a coastline of about 5,000 kilometers
and consists mainly of four peninsulas separated by deep
gulfs, with two of the peninsulas extending southward and
two northeastward. The Enrekang are part of a larger
linguistic grouping called the Masenrempulu which also
includes the Duri, Maiwa, and Malimpung. The culture of the
Enrekang has been influenced by its more populous and more
powerful neighbors, namely the Toraja and Bugis people. The
languages of Toraja and Bugis have influenced the Enrekang
language and consequently there are many similarities and a
great degree of mutual intelligibility.
The primary means of livelihood for the Enrekang people is
farming. Their main crops are rice, fruits, and gula aren
(sugar palms which are processed into sugar). Rice is their
primary food. They also raise domesticated livestock such as
water buffalo, goats, and chickens to fulfill their needs.
Small farmers take care of the land and look after the crops
until harvest time. Many Enrekang marriages are still
arranged by the parents and family elders. For several years
after their marriage, a new couple lives with the wife's
family. After they are fairly well established, the new
family may move to live in their own house.The traditional
Enrekang house is raised on stilts that are three meters
high. This is done as protection from attacks by wild
animals. Both the walls and floors of the house are made
from wooden planks. The enclosure below the house can also
be used as a stall for livestock or as a storehouse. Often,
burial ceremonies are still performed inside caves in the
mountain slopes, so those accompanying the burial must climb
tall, steep mountainsides. The ceremony has the purpose of
freeing the spirit of the deceased and giving the spirit
power to move to the next world.
Many of the Enrekang are devout Muslims. Thus they believe
that they will be judged according to their knowledge of the
Qur'an (Islamic Holy Book) as well as the balance between
their good and bad deeds. The laws of traditional culture
are still used and have been combined with Islamic law.
Despite their professed loyalty to Islam, many Enrekang are
still influenced by traditional animistic beliefs and
superstitions. These beliefs are focused on the quest for
protection through magic, by either appeasing or controlling
both good and bad spirits. |
| Laiyolo 800
|
| 250 Laiyolo, 550 Barang-Barang. South
Sulawesi, Laiyolo in villages of Lembang Mate’ne in Desa
Laiyolo, and a few in Kilotepo’ and Sangkeha’. Barang-Barang
village in Desa Lowa, southern tip of Selayar Island.
Alternate names: Barang-Barang, Da’ang. Dialects:
Barang-Barang (Loa, Loa’, Lowa), Laiyolo (Lajolo, Layolo).
Barang-Barang dialect may need separate literature. Lexical
similarity: 86% between Laiyolo and Barang-Barang dialect,
76% with Kalao [kly], 65% with Buton, 53% with Wotu [wtw],
39% with Muna [mnb]. |
| Lemolang 2.400
Islam |
| Luwu Utara District, inland from the
northeast coast, centered in Sassa and Salassa villages,
scattered in Sabbang subdistrict, and possibly Baebunta.
Alternate names: Baebunta, Limola. Dialects: Lexical
similarity: 41% with Mori Bawah [xmz], 39% with Mori Atas [mzq],
38% with Bungku [bkz], 39% with Buton, 31% with Seko Padang
[skx], 30% with Rampi [lje], 29% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda],
26% with Muna [mnb], 25% with Wotu [wtw], 24% with Bugis
[bug]. |
| Maiwa 55.000 Islam |
| Enrekang and Sidenrang districts. Alternate
names: Masenrempulu |
The Maiwa people live in the low plains in
the area of Enrekang and Sidenrang in the province of South
Sulawesi. Sulawesi is a large mountainous island often
described as being shaped like an orchid or crab. It has a
coastline of about 5,000 kilometers and consists mainly of
four peninsulas separated by deep gulfs, with two of the
peninsulas extending southward and two northeastward. The
Maiwa are part of a larger linguistic grouping called the
Masenrempulu, which also includes the Duri, Enrekang, and
Malimpung. The Masenrempulu people groups have been
culturally influenced by the larger neighboring people
groups, primarily the Toraja and Bugis people. The Toraja
and Bugis languages have influenced the Masenrempulu
languages and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility.
The Maiwa are primarily farmers who rice in irrigated
fields. Rice is their main staple food. Some Maiwa cultivate
fruit and sugar palms which are processed into palm sugar.
Oftentimes, livestock such as water buffalo, goats and
chickens are raised to augment their livelihood. Since about
one-third of the farmers in southern Sulawesi do not own
enough land, they are forced to sharecrop on the fields of
wealthier farmers. These wealthy individuals provide
farmland and finances for planting, while the groups of
small farmers care for and look after the fields until
harvest time. The Maiwa sometimes work as day laborers in
several Sulawesi cities.The Maiwa people possess a family
oriented attitude and practice gotong royong (mutual help
and cooperation). Many of the marriages are still arranged
by parents or grandparents. A newlywed couple often lives
with the wife's family for the first few years of their
marriage. In the past, the Maiwa distinguished layers in
society, known as the nobility, the commoners, and slaves.
Currently, that difference is no longer seen. In current
Maiwa society, social status is more determined by level of
education and/or wealth. Some of the Maiwa live in houses
built on platforms. These houses are sometimes three meters
or more off the ground, with plank walls and floors. This
raised style provides protection against attacks by wild
animals. The area below the house may be used as a stall for
livestock or as a storage space.
The Maiwa people have been Muslims since the 17th century.
Islam was forced upon them by military pressure from their
larger and stronger neighbors, the Bugis and Makassar. |
| Makassar
2.450.000 Islam |
| southwest corner of the peninsula, most of
Pangkep, Maros, Gowa, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, and Takalar
districts. Alternate names: Goa, Macassar, Macassarese,
Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara,
Mengkasara, Taena, Tena. Dialects: Gowa (Goa, Lakiung),
Turatea (Jeneponto), Maros-Pangkep. Gowa dialect is
prestigious. Dialects form a chain. |
The Makassar people (als o known as the Taena,
Tena, or Goa) inhabit the southern part of the southwestern
peninsula of Sulawesi. The heart of their area is Makassar,
the capital city of the province of South Sulawesi. In
addition to urban areas, the Makassar also live in the Konjo
highlands, the coastal areas, and the Selayar and Spermo
islands. Their language is the Makassar language, which is
divided into the Gowa, Turaka, and Maros-Pangkep dialects.
The primary source of income among the Makassar is rice
farming; however, they are also well known throughout
Indonesia for their skill in trading. Some are also skilled
fishermen. Their houses are often built on stilts, two
meters above the ground. Makassar houses in the plains and
beach areas are grouped closely, whereas those in the
mountains are spread out. The fishermen living on the
beaches build their houses in rows facing the sea or the
main road. Villages like these are known as kampung pajjaku
(fishermen village). Farmers build their houses around the
fields. Villages like these are known as kampung pamarri
(farmer villages). Each village usually has a center (pecci
tana) which formerly was considered a sacred place, marked
by a sacred (banyan) tree.Division of labor among the
Makassar is strict because of the rigid separation of the
sexes. Men are responsible for matters outside the house
such as farming, working the plows, and carrying rice
bundles after the harvest. The household duties are assigned
exclusively to women. The family structure is headed by the
man. The wife and children must show respect for the head of
the household while they are in public. Final decisions
concerning the family are always the husband's
responsibility. In rural locations, marriages are still
arranged by the parents and/or close relatives.
Communication between the prospective bride and groom is
strictly prohibited. Polygamy (having multiple wives) is
accepted; however, it is only practiced among the wealthy
since a separate house must be provided for each wife.Siri
(respect and honor) is the social code by which the Makassar
live. Anyone seriously offending another person's siri runs
the risk of being killed and the external authorities will
often refuse to become involved.The Makassar often work
alongside their neighbors in matters of mutual concern, such
as building houses and working in the rice fields. They also
gather for times of celebration, such as birthdays and
weddings.
The Makassar people are almost all Muslims, nevertheless
traditional beliefs are still influential, especially in the
remote areas. They maintain beliefs in gods and ancestral
spirits; giving ritual offerings in the required manner.
Special ceremonies are held at the beginning of planting and
harvest seasons. They believe these ancestral spirits have a
direct influence on their daily lives. |
| Malimpung 5.900
Islam |
| Pinrang District, Patampanua subdistrict,
Malimpung area. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 80% with Maiwa
[wmm], 70% with Enrekang [ptt]. |
| Mamasa 124.000
Christian |
West S ulawesi, Polmas District, Polewali
subdistrict, along Mamasa River. Dialects: Northern Mamasa,
Central Mamasa, Pattae’ (Southern Mamasa, Patta’ Binuang,
Binuang, Tae’, Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi). Lexical
similarity: 78% with Toraja-Sa’dan [ska]. |
| Mori Atas 18.000
Islam |
| southeast peninsula neck, Mori Atas, Lembo,
and Petasia subdistricts; south Sulawesi. 25 villages or
parts of villages. Alternate names: Upper Mori, West Mori.
Dialects: Aikoa. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Bawah
[xmz] and Padoe [pdo]. |
| Sulawesi, one of the major
islands of Indonesia, is a home to the (also known as the
Aikoa). Sulawesi is a large, crab-shaped island that is
generally mountainous and marked by volcanic cones. Tropical
rain forests cover most of the land up to 1,000 feet in
elevation, with dense forests occurring at higher altitudes.
Due to the volcanic activity, deep valleys and gorges can
also be seen throughout the area.
Mori villages are built with the village temple in the
center. The Mori have a strong loyalty to their tribe, which
is made up of several villages having a common "mother"
village. If one village is endangered, it is the duty of the
rest of the tribal members to protect it.
Although agriculture is the principal means of livelihood
in the region, ironwood and ebony are also valuable
commodities. Sulawesian industry varies from wood carving
and rice milling to the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals.
The island of Sulawesi has a hot, humid climate with an
average yearly temperature of about 27 degrees C (80 degrees
F). The average yearly rainfall is from 305 to 368
centimeters (120 to 145 inches). Most of the Mori are
wet-rice farmers, although they also grow maize, tobacco,
and coffee for export. Some Mori are blacksmiths who are
particularly skilled at making swords. Their primary diet
consists of fish, rice, and maize.
Within the Mori tribes, aristocratic rulers head up the
political hierarchy, with elders leading local "kin groups."
These rulers were once thought to be divine, but this belief
has faded over the years. Traditionally, the Mori went on
headhunting raids against their enemies. Heads were also
required to maintain general village welfare, as well as for
the building of new temples. Until as recently as 1905,
headhunting was a common practice.
Most of the Mori live in houses that have only a sleeping
room and a large living room. The living room may, which may
also serve as the kitchen, usually contains a rectangular
hearth filled with clay and ashes. These houses often stand
on stilts about 1.8 meters (6 feet) high. The space
underneath is used for cattle stalls or chicken coops, or to
store tools and firewood. The floors and walls are made of
timber or flattened bamboo. The roofs are covered with
either clay tiles or with thatch made out of palm leaves.
The Mori are a very festive people and are famous for
their traditional dances. Their art forms, such as wood
carvings and weaving, are also well known. A colorful skirt
called a sarong is typically worn by both the men and women.
The Mori follow the beliefs of Islam, but with a strong core
of spirit worship. Some of the more important deities that
they worship are associated with smallpox, rice, air, and
fate. When an important person dies, his bones are cleaned
and put into caves at the tewusa or death feast. Then every
three to five years, another ceremony called the woke" is
held to honor these deceased ancestors. Here, the bones of
the honored dead are removed from the caves, rewrapped, and
buried. Such ceremonies are usually conducted by a priestess
who has a familiar spirit. |
| Mori-Bawah 18.000
Christian |
| Central Sulawesi, southeast peninsula neck;
Petasia and Lembo subdistricts, 24 villages, or parts of
villages; south Sulawesi. Alternate names: East Mori, Lower
Mori, “Nahina”. Dialects: Tambe’e, Nahina, Petasia, Soroako,
Karonsie. Lexical similarity: 73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq],
75% with Padoe [pdo]. |
| Padoe 7.100
Christian |
| South Sulawesi, east Luwu Utara District in
Nuha, Malili, Mangkutana subdistricts; Central Sulawesi,
Banggai District, Mori Atas subdistrict, 2 villages, Pamona
Utara subdistrict, 1 village. Alternate names: Alalao, Padoé,
South Mori. Dialects: 2 dialects. Lexical similarity:
73%–86% with Mori Atas [mzq], 75% with Mori Bawah [xmz]. |
| Pamona 170.000
Christian |
| Central and South Sulawesi provinces, Poso
District, Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona
Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota,
Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara,
Bungku Tengah subdistricts; 193 villages. South Sulawesi,
Luwu Utara District, Mangkutana, north Wotu and Bone-Bone
subdistricts. Alternate names: Bare’e, Baree, Poso.
Dialects: Pamona, Laiwonu (“Iba” ), Rapangkaka (“Aria” ),
Tomoni, Tobau (Tobao, Tobalo, “Bare’e” ), Tokondindi, Topada,
Taa (Wana, Topotaa). Related to Tombelele [ttp]. Laiwonu and
Rapangkaka dialects may be separate languages. Lexical
similarity: 76% (Taa)–90% among dialects, except for
Tombelala, which has 66%–76% with other Bungku Tengah
dialects, and is considered a separate language. |
| Rampi 8.000 |
| 2,300 in South Sulawesi, 5,700 in Central
Sulawesi. South Sulawesi, Luwu Utara District, Masamba
subdistrict. 6 isolated mountain villages; Central Sulawesi,
Poso, Donggala districts, Sabbang Limbong, Wotu, and
Mangkutana subdistricts. 15 villages. Rato have moved
elsewhere. Alternate names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni.
Dialects: Rampi (Lambu), Rato. Leboni is prestige dialect.
|
| Seko-Padang 6.600
Christian |
| 2,300 in the Seko area. South Sulawesi, Luwu
Utara District, Limbong subdistrict, northeast section; half
resettled Central Sulawesi, Palolo Valley. Alternate names:
Seko, Sua Tu Padang, Wono. Dialects: Lodang, Hono’ (Wono). |
| Selayar 131.000
Islam |
| South Sulawesi, Selayar Island. Alternate
names: Salajar, Salayar, Salayer, Saleier, Siladja, Silajara.
Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Makassar [mak]. |
The inland Salajare se are primarily farmers.
Maize is their staple crop; grain and dry rice are secondary
crops. Coconuts and lemons are cash crops that are exchanged
for other necessary items. Fishing is the main occupation
for those living on the coast. Sea cucumbers, turtles, and
shellfish comprise part of their catch.
There are very few Salajarese villages. Homes tend to be
scattered around the various farming areas. Most homes have
plank walls with thatched roofs. Each house contains a
kitchen, a porch, and bedrooms. They are usually built up on
stilts. The average household consists of a nuclear family.
Often when relatives do not possess a house, they will live
with their close relatives. Children are raised by their
parents, elder siblings, and other relatives or household
members.
The island of Salajar is divided into regions, some of
which are ruled by women. Regalia (sacred emblems) represent
each region. There are a number of subtle social classes
evident, including the descendants of rulers, nobility,
commoners, and slaves.
In general, the division of labor is strict because of
the rigid separation of sexes in everyday life. In
agriculture, men do the hard work, such as plowing and
carrying the farm produce. Traditionally, women tend to most
of the harvesting, in addition to the traditional household
duties.
In the rural locations, marriages are still arranged
exclusively by the parents or close relatives.
Traditionally, the groom's social rank must be equal to or
higher than that of the bride. Marriages between second
cousins are preferred among the commoners; while only nobles
are allowed to marry first cousins. This is in order to
retain the nobility and wealth within the close family. The
"bride price" is divided into "spending money," which is
used by the bride's family to cover the costs of the wedding
feast, and a "rank price," which is given to the bride. If
the groom's family cannot afford to pay an acceptable bride
price, the couples often elope.
Intermarriage between villages tends to be the rule. This
has resulted in complex, widespread kinship networks. Social
rank among the Salajarese is established by the rank of
ancestors.
Islam has been the dominant religion among the Salajarese
since the seventeenth century. Today, virtually all of the
Salajarese are Sunni Muslims. However, animistic beliefs
(belief that non-living objects have spirits) are still
prevalent. The belief that all things in nature have souls
strongly influences their daily lives and religious
practices. |
| Tae’ 250.000 Islam |
| South Sulawesi, Kabupaten Luwu from Larompong District
through Sabbang, and scattered pockets. Rongkong in Luwu
District, southeast Limbong and Sabbang subdistricts. Also
an enclave in Wasuponda, Nuha subdistrict near Soroako town.
Alternate names: East Toraja, Luwu, Rongkong, Rongkong
Kanandede, Sada, Sangangalla’, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, To Rongkong,
Toraja Timur, Toware. Dialects: Rongkong, Northeast Luwu,
South Luwu, Bua, Toala’, Palili’. Lexical similarity: 92%
among dialects, over 86% with the northern dialects, 80%
with Toraja-Sa’dan. |
| Toala’ 44.000 Islam |
| South Sulawesi, Luwu District from Masamba
to south tip of the district. Toala’ from foothills to the
divide. Palili’ on a narrow coastal strip overlapping with
Bugis Luwu. Alternate names: East Toraja, Luwu’, Sada,
Sangangalla’, Toala, Toala-Palili, Toraja Timur, Toware.
Dialects: Toala’, Palili’. Probably at least 4 dialects.
Lexical similarity: 74% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda].
Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South
Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan |
Prior to the twentieth century, the Toala
highlands were often raided for coffee and slaves.
Headhunting raids to avenge the death of a kinsman were also
common.
Most Toala raise all of their own food. Rice, the major
crop, is planted in terraced paddies and harvested by hand.
Single metal-bladed plows drawn by water buffalo or men are
still in use. Toala farmers also grow maize, chilies, beans,
yams, and potatoes. Cash crops include coffee and cloves.
They also gather snails, eels, and small fish from unplanted
wet rice fields. Domestic animals include chickens, pigs,
and water buffaloes, which are sacrificed on ritual
occasions.
Villages tend to be small and are located either on hilltops
or scattered along the plains. As many as four to six
families may live together in one house. Villages are based
on local "kin groups," with all of the members being related
by blood or marriage. Emphasis is placed on respect for
one's elders, diligence, and the importance of the family
over one's individual and personal needs.
In the past, some marriages of the aristocracy were
polygynous (having many wives), but today most are
monogamous (having only one spouse). Once married, a person
could choose to live in the village of his father, mother,
or spouse. Some marriages are still arranged by the parents;
but today, most young people are allowed to select their own
mates.
Adoption is a very common occurrence among the Toala.
Children are reared by both their parents and their
siblings. It is believed that family ties can be extended
and strengthened by allowing relatives and friends to adopt
one's children. In such cases, the children will often move
back and forth between the households of their adoptive and
biological parents.
The Toala are known for their elaborately carved houses and
rice barns, as well as life-size statues of certain wealthy,
deceased aristocrats.
The Toala are 99% Sunni Muslims. However, various forms of
animistic practices (belief that non-human objects have
spirits) have continued to influence their culture.
Among the Toala, the funeral is the most critical event in
life. They believe that this ritual allows the deceased to
leave the world of the living and proceed to the next.
Funeral ceremonies vary in length and complexity, depending
on one's wealth and status. |
| Toraja-Sadan
631.000 Christian |
Sout h Sulawesi, Tana Toraja District, large
groups in Luwu District, Makassar City; southeast Sulawesi,
west coast, Kolaka and Wundulako districts. Alternate names:
Sa’dan, Sa’dansche, Sadan, Sadang, South Toraja, Ta’e, Tae’,
Toradja, Toraja. Dialects: Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao
(Kesu’), Toraja Barat (West Toraja, Mappa-Pana). Rantepao is
prestige dialect. |
| Wotu 6.800 Islam |
South Su lawesi, Luwu Utara District, Wotu
subdistrict, Wotu town. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 58%
with Wolio [wlo], 53% with Laiyolo [lji], average 43% with
South Sulawesi subgroup, 43% with Kaili-Pamona subgroup, 41%
with Seko Padang [skx], 39% with Tae’ Luwu [rob], 36%–43%
with Bungku-Tolaki subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa’dan [sda],
33% with Bugis [bug], 31% with Rampi [lje], 25% with
Lemolang [ley]. |
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